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''Amanita muscaria'', commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a mushroom and psychoactive basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Native throughout the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere, ''Amanita muscaria'' has been unintentionally introduced to many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, generally as a symbiont with pine and birch plantations, and is now a true cosmopolitan species. It associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. This quintessential toadstool is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually red mushroom, and is one of the most recognisable and widely encountered in popular culture. Several subspecies with differing cap colour have been recognised, including the brown ''regalis'' (often considered a separate species), the yellow-orange ''flavivolvata'', ''guessowii'', ''formosa'', and the pinkish ''persicina''. Genetic studies published in 2006 and 2008 show several sharply delineated clades that may represent separate species. Although classified as poisonous, reports of human deaths resulting from its ingestion are extremely rare. After parboiling—which weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom's psychoactive substances—it is eaten in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. ''Amanita muscaria'' is noted for its hallucinogenic properties, with its main psychoactive constituent being the compound muscimol. The mushroom was used as an intoxicant and entheogen by the peoples of Siberia, and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on possible traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in other places such as the Middle East, Eurasia, North America, and Scandinavia. ==Taxonomy and naming== The name of the mushroom in many European languages is thought to be derived from its use as an insecticide when sprinkled in milk. This practice has been recorded from Germanic- and Slavic-speaking parts of Europe, as well as the Vosges region and pockets elsewhere in France, and Romania.〔Wasson, ''Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality'', p 198.〕 Albertus Magnus was the first to record it in his work ''De vegetabilibus'' some time before 1256, commenting ''vocatur fungus muscarum, eo quod in lacte pulverizatus interficit muscas'', "it is called the fly mushroom because it is powdered in milk to kill flies."〔Ramsbottom, p 44.〕 The 16th-century Flemish botanist Carolus Clusius traced the practice of sprinkling it into milk to Frankfurt in Germany, while Carl Linnaeus, the "father of taxonomy", reported it from Småland in southern Sweden, where he had lived as a child. He described it in volume two of his ''Species Plantarum'' in 1753, giving it the name ''Agaricus muscarius'', the specific epithet deriving from Latin ''musca'' meaning "fly". It gained its current name in 1783, when placed in the genus ''Amanita'' by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a name sanctioned in 1821 by the "father of mycology", Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries. The starting date for all the mycota had been set by general agreement as January 1, 1821, the date of Fries's work, and so the full name was then ''Amanita muscaria'' (L.:Fr.) Hook. The 1987 edition of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature changed the rules on the starting date and primary work for names of fungi, and names can now be considered valid as far back as May 1, 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus's work. Hence, Linnaeus and Lamarck are now taken as the namers of ''Amanita muscaria'' (L.) Lam.. The English mycologist John Ramsbottom reported that ''Amanita muscaria'' was used for getting rid of bugs in England and Sweden, and ''bug agaric'' was an old alternate name for the species.〔 French mycologist Pierre Bulliard reported having tried without success to replicate its fly-killing properties in his work ''フランス語:Histoire des plantes vénéneuses et suspectes de la France'' (1784), and proposed a new binomial name ''Agaricus pseudo-aurantiacus'' because of this.〔Wasson, ''Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality'', p 200.〕 One compound isolated from the fungus is 1,3-diolein ( 1,3-Di(cis-9-octadecenoyl)glycerol), which attracts insects.〔 It has been hypothesised that the flies intentionally seek out the fly agaric for its intoxicating properties. An alternative derivation proposes that the term ''fly-'' refers not to insects as such but rather the delirium resulting from consumption of the fungus. This is based on the medieval belief that flies could enter a person's head and cause mental illness. Several regional names appear to be linked with this connotation, meaning the "mad" or "fool's" version of the highly regarded edible mushroom ''Amanita caesarea''. Hence there is ' "mad oriol" in Catalan, ''mujolo folo'' from Toulouse, ''フランス語:concourlo fouolo'' from the Aveyron department in Southern France, ' from Trentino in Italy. A local dialect name in Fribourg in Switzerland is ''tsapi de diablhou'', which translates as "Devil's hat".〔Wasson, ''Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality'', p 194.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「amanita muscaria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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